91����

,

In October 2024, right before the presidential election, I had coffee with Kim, a Congolese asylum-seeker living in southern Maine. Our conversation quickly turned to politics, and I cautiously asked about her views, although she could not vote.

During his campaign, Donald Trump , and I assumed immigration policies would be among her top priorities.

But instead, she quickly turned to matters of faith, invoking her strongly held beliefs. Kim – a pseudonym, like all names used in this article – was an evangelical Christian whose life revolved around her church: a nondenominational congregation led by other Congolese migrants.

“Democrats are not people of God,” she declared. People in her community were “traditional,” she added, and generally wanted politicians who were, too. Congolese Christians, she said, usually believed marriage should only occur between a man and a woman, that sex and gender are chosen by God, and that life is sacred from conception.

Her pronouncement underscores an important but often overlooked reality. Popular commentary in the U.S. often portrays evangelicals as one homogeneous, overwhelmingly white group. In reality, they are diverse, from political views and geography to race: white.

And are migrants – a term I use for people who have come to the U.S., regardless of their legal status.

Belonging and belief

Overall, 12% of evangelicals in the U.S. were born outside the country, conducted by the Pew Research Center. Another 7% have at least one parent born outside the country. These figures are likely underestimates, since undocumented migrants generally avoid surveys for fear of deportation.

As an , I’ve studied the growing number of migrants drawn to evangelical faith – and learned how significantly faith shapes their lives in the United States. In turn, these migrants are .

While writing my 2022 book, “,” I spent over a year attending evangelical churches around Washington, D.C., that catered to Brazilian migrants. I interviewed about 80 churchgoers and surveyed dozens more.

Congregants described how belief and belonging helped them overcome challenges such as loneliness, “feeling stuck” due to their legal precariousness and being exploited at work. I heard stories of employers holding migrants’ passports hostage, or refusing to pay construction workers seriously injured on the job.

Migrants often told me that their churches’ close-knit communities, and evangelical Christianity’s emphasis on fostering an intimate relationship with God, . Through prayer, worship, Bible study and fasting, they tried to discern and implement God’s plan for their lives.

The three congregations that I attended offered multiple prayer, study and worship opportunities for migrants throughout the week, both at church and at congregants’ homes. Many pastors were migrants themselves and shared from the pulpit their stories of overcoming adversity.

Gláucia, an undocumented migrant from Brazil, described leaving herself “in the hands of God” as she faced uncertainty about her future.

“I love living here,” she explained. “But if God wants me to leave, I’m under God’s will. Wherever God directs me, I will go. Therefore, I don’t get worried, because we can’t become worried about what comes tomorrow. Because tomorrow belongs to God.

“The most I can do,” she added, “which I always try to do, is pray to God to give direction” to political leaders.

Growing communities

Some people I met identified as evangelical before coming to the U.S., but a significant number were converts. Even among people who had attended evangelical churches in Brazil, many insisted that they truly “met Jesus” in the United States and reflected that their faith back home had been “lukewarm.”

Angela, an undocumented migrant, knew many evangelicals in Brazil. It wasn’t until arriving in the U.S., though, that she converted from Catholicism. She told me, “When you are here, without your family, without any friends, you feel alone, and look for something to hold on to,” she told me.

According to large-scale surveys, , and .

Over the past several decades, however, a growing percentage of people in Latin America, long a Catholic stronghold, . That has influenced the religious makeup of migrants to the United States. Others convert to evangelical Christianity , as my research highlights.

Most of the migrants I met reported intense psychological pain as they endured family separation, workplace exploitation and legal uncertainty, which prompted them to search for meaning and comfort in religious spaces. Migrant evangelical churches, they found, . Their style of worship and theological teachings provided concrete tools, including practices such as prayer, fasting and sharing personal testimony, that relieved migrants’ suffering.

Research suggests it is also common for migrants from other parts of the world, , to turn to evangelical, charismatic and Pentecostal churches to address difficulties .

Changing face of Christianity

Evangelical churches play a major role in these migrants’ experiences of the U.S. In turn, these migrants are playing a significant role in American Christianity, as I explain in “.”

Over the past few decades, Americans have become . In 2007, 78% of Americans called themselves Christians; today, that number is 63%.

Migrants, however, are : 87%, compared with 70% of all people in the United States. In Maine, for example, where I live, journalists have noted how . And many .

Looking toward the future, I believe these trends will continue to transform U.S. religion, which may affect politics as well. Many migrants I met, including green-card holders and asylum-seekers, hoped to eventually gain citizenship and be able to vote. Many attended church alongside their own children, born in the U.S. – future voters whose attitudes may be shaped by their parents’ experiences of both migration and faith.

I learned that evangelical migrants’ identity as “people of God” was central to their political views, as it is for their white, U.S.-born counterparts. Some of them believed Trump would restore the United States to its presumed destiny as an explicitly Christian nation. His policies about abortion, marriage and gender seemed to outweigh concerns about the risks his immigration policies posed to them and their families. Since the start of his second term, with its waves of and aggressive , detentions and deportations, I have wondered how they would assess the administration today.

Regardless of their political views, it is clear that migrants will continue to look to evangelical faith to cope with and make sense of their experiences in the United States. My research underscores the significant role evangelical faith plays in the life of growing numbers of migrants and the far-reaching impacts of such faith for U.S. society.

, Associate Professor of Anthropology,

This article is republished from under a Creative Commons license. Read the .